Growth and Yield of Rice Planted in a Tidal Soil Under NPK in situ and Cow Manure Application

The specific location fertilization or in situ fertilization rate is a dynamic application and management method dynamically adapted to the plant’s need according to location and season related to soil chemical properties and aims to increase farmer profit. This greenhouse experiment aimed to evaluate the NPK fertilizer dose based on in situ soil chemistry of tidal swamp compared to NPK recommendation combined with cow manure from the local farm. These pot experiments were conducted from June to October 2019 in a Greenhouse of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir of South Sumatra. This experiment used a factorial completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was NPK fertilizer rate consisting of two levels (200 kg ha Urea, 100 kg ha SP-36, and 100 kg ha KCl) from recommended fertilizer, and (102 kg ha Urea, 0 kg ha SP-36, and 66 kg ha KCl) from the in situ soil analysis. The second factor was cow manure with four levels (2, 6, 8 , and 10 Mg ha) . The result showed that recommended NPK combined with 10 Mg ha cow manure was the best for rice production in tidal lowland and produced 2.5 Mg ha. However, this result was not significant compared to NPK specific locations combined with the same rate of cow manure.


INTRODUCTION
Rice production in a tidal swamp of Indonesia is relatively low (less than 2.5 Mg ha -1 ) (Mawardi et al. 2020); it is lower than in irrigated paddy fields (Senewe and Alfons 2011). Low productivity is probably due to low soil fertility and high acidity of the soil combined with a high level of Exchangeable-Al (Imanudin and Armanto 2012), and the tidal soil contained sulfidic material called pyrite (Prasetyo et al. 2001).
The total tidal swamp area in Indonesia is quite large, amounting to 20.1 million hectares, and the potential area for extension agriculture is about 9.53 million hectares; while only 2.27 million hectares have been reclaimed (BBPPSLP 2016), and total reclaimed tidal flat in South Sumatra is about 329.897 ha (Prasetyo et al. 2001). Recently, rice varieties used for specific tidal swamp locations can increase rice yields (Hairmansis et al. 2010). Tidal swamp in South Sumatra has been reclaimed since 1961 (Imanudin and Armanto 2012). Prasetyo et al. (2001) reported that tidal soils found in Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatra, are classified as Sulfic Endoaquept, Histic Sulfaquent, Typic Sulfaquept, Fluvaquentic Endoaquept, and Sulfic Hydraquent. Soils of the tidal flat areas in Musi Banyuasin of South Sumatra are developed from marine sediment. This type of soil is characterized by the presence of sulfidic materials, which, upon oxidation after exposure to air by land reclamation, and if conditions are suitable, may result in highly acidic soil (pH less than 3.5). Since the acidity comes from sulphuric acid production, the highly acidic soils are called acid sulfate soils. It causes high soil acidity and poor fertility (Prasetyo et al. 2001).
Optimizing and utilizing tidal land for agriculture is faced many problems and obstacles, including the soil biophysical and socio-economic aspects. The biophysical constraint of the tidal land includes soil acidity originating from the pyrite oxidation, organic 52 D Budianta et al.: Growth and yield of rice planted in a tidal soil acids releasing from organic material of peat, and low macro and micro essential nutrient availability. The soil acidity of tidal land is high or pH less than 4.0 combined with high Fe 2 + and the shallow pyrite layer (Saragih 2013;Mawardi et al. 2020). Acidity is the main challenge in tidal swampland management because of low soil pH, which is generally 3.5-4.5, while cultivated crops generally grow well at a pH of 5.5-7.0 or in a neutral condition. Soil with low pH (pH less than 4.0) or high acidity can increase the solubility of Al, Fe, and Mn in soil. Iron and Mn generally poison food crops in Fe 2 + and Mn 2 + under anaerobic conditions (Mulyani and Las 2008).
One effort to manage the tidal swampland fertility is by applying balanced inorganic fertilizer and improving the soil pH. Fertilizer as a source of nutrients has played a vital role in increasing rice productivity. According to Rochmat and Sugiyanta (2010), applying the NPK combination of recommended fertilizer dose (200 kg Urea ha -1 + 100 kg SP-36 ha -1 + 100 kg KCl ha -1 ) and cow manure dose (10 Mg ha -1 ) on rice fields can increase agronomic effectiveness. To increase rice yield in tidal soil, this research was conducted to study the use of NPK and cow manure fertilizer dose on a swampland area; thus, using the correct dose of cow manure could be expected to increase growth and rice yields, and the in situ dose of NPK fertilization was also examined.

Study Site
A greenhouse experiment was conducted from June to October 2019 in the Laboratory of Soil Science Department. Soil analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of Chemistry, Biology, and Soil Fertility, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, South Sumatra.

Research Design
A pot experiment was designed using a randomized factorial design. The first factor was the dose of inorganic fertilizers, which were a recommended NPK fertilizer dose (200 kg ha -1 Urea, 100 kg ha -1 SP-36, 100 kg ha -1 KCl), and a specific location NPK fertilizer dose (102 kg ha -1 Urea, 0 kg ha -1 SP-36 and 66 kg ha -1 KCl). The second factor was cow manure application at the rate of 2, 6, 8, 10 Mg ha -1 , respectively. Each treatment was prepared with three replications. Thus the total number of treatments was 24 experiment pots.
The soil samples were taken from tidal swampland located in Mulia Sari Village, Tanjung Lago District, Banyuasin, South Sumatra. Composite soil samples were collected from an arable layer at a 0-20 cm depth and taken at a predetermined location on the coordinates S 02 o 41'24" dan E 104 o 45'25". The soil analysis variables were pH, total N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg-exchangeability), CEC, exchangeable-Al, exchangeable-H, and soil texture. The total-N, Bray-P, and exchangeable-K values obtained were used as references to calculate the location-specific fertilizer requirements for rice plants or NPK in situ. The soil from the field was then air drained for several days. Next, Air-dried soil was mashed with a soil grinder and separated from the remains of plant roots. Finally, 10 kg of absolute dry soil was put into the plastic pot as a planting medium. Plant variables observed were the vegetative component and the grain.

Fertilization Application
Cow manure was applied and mixed thoroughly with the soils two weeks before planting. After that, the NPK fertilizer was applied, especially Urea which was broadcasted three times, namely at the beginning of rice planting, at 14 and 28 days after planting. Meanwhile, K and P fertilizers were applied once at the beginning of planting. After that, N, P, K specific fertilizer was given based on fertilizer requirements. The treatment soil was maintained in flooding condition at 5 cm flooding, and each pot remained one crop. The rice seed used in the experiment was INPARA 8 variety.

Data Analysis
Data were analyzed by a two-way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA)-procedure and and for those that have a significant effect, continue with Least Significance Different (LSD) test. For statistical analysis Excel software was used.

Tidal Soil Characteristics
The soil used for this greenhouse experiment came from tidal swampland with A typology (inundated during high and low tides), and this soil was collected from Mulya Sari transmigration area, Banyuasin, South Sumatra. As shown in Table 1, the soil was classified into acid sulfate soil with low pH amounting to 4.49 (Prasetyo et al. 2001). Aksani et al. (2018) found that similar tidal soil had a pH of 4.57. Moreover, Fahmi et al. (2018) reported that soil inundation increases the pH of tidal soil due to the reduction process. Low pH in combination with Al 3+ and H + exchangeability was obtained in this tidal soil with the value of 3.09 and 0.84 cmol (+) kg -1 , respectively (Table 1). Budianta et al. (2017) found comparable results of this tidal soil, and the low pH in this soil has corresponded to low extractable-Ca and Mg with the value of 0.91 and 0.13 cmol (+) kg -1 , respectively. An almost similar result of initial characteristics of this soil was found by Aksani et al. (2018).
A high content of K exchangeability with a value of 0.74 cmol (+) kg -1 and Bray-P 28 mg kg -1 were found in this acidic soil. The high potassium and phosphorus in soil were possibly due to applied NPK fertilizer in long-term fertilization, which was more than 30 years old (Budianta et al. 2017). The soil texture is sandy loam with particle distribution consisting of 53.54 % sand, 31.52 % silt, and 14.93% loam. Lyu et al. (2015) also reported that the soil texture of tidal soil from the Yellow River Delta varied from silt loam to sandy loam. Budianta et al. (2019) reported that the soil texture of tidal soil of D typology in the same district was classified in clay loam texture.
Moreover, the other soil chemistry characteristics of this tidal soil used for this experiment, as presented in Table 1, were organic-C 4.75 g kg -1 or organic matter content amounting to 8.189%, total-N 0.28 g kg -1 , exchangeable Na 0.44 cmol (+) kg -1 , Cation Exchange Capacity 15.95 cmol (+) kg -1 , exchangeable-Al 3.09 cmol (+) kg -1 , and exchangeable-H 0.84 cmol (+) kg -1 . According to Toha (2005), if the soil having N content is less than 0.25%, the rice plant will experience starvation (deficiency), resulting in the growth stage will be disrupted. In addition, N deficiency in plants will reduce yield and decrease the quality of rice. Imanudin and Armanto (2012) reported that the dynamics of soil nutrients status in tidal soil are frequently affected by soil water status at the crop's root zone. For example, organic-C values varied from low to high status, total-N values were in the range of low to medium, whereas phosphorus values were in the range of medium to high and potassium values were also low so that the soil fertility general is relatively low. Based on N-total, P-available, Kexchangeability, and soil pH obtained (Table 1), this tidal soil is included in the land suitability class category S2 (quite suitable) for rice plants tidal soil was included low fertility. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the specific location fertilizer based on in situ N, P, K, and cow manure to increase tidal swamp for rice production.

Characteristics of Cow Manure
Cow manure is one kind of bio-organic material produced from cow feces combined with urine. The cow manure used for this experiment was taken from a local farm. Gupta et al. (2016) stated that cow dung (manure) was defined as the undigested residue of consumed food material being excreted by herbivorous bovine animal species (a mixture of feces and urine in the ratio 1:3), and cow manure is not only an agricultural waste but also an organic fertilizer resource (Zhang et al. 2020 can generate manure for about 5-6% of their body weight each day (Font-Palma (2019). Raj et al. (2014), cow manure or cow dung can be used as a source of bio-fertilizer with low price and easy to find out. The application of composted cow manure can increase essential nutrients such as N, P, and K, and soil pH (Das et al. 2017), and cow manure can also improve soil health (Raj et al. 2014). Data of cow manure properties used in this experiment presented in Table 2. Cow manure has high pH with a value of 8.43, which means that cow manure is alkalis condition, and it contained total N 1.037%, extractable-P, and K respectively to 0.855 and 0.75% (Table 2). Cow manure contained 24 different element minerals included macro and microelements (Gupta et al. 2016). It indicated that this cow manure is fertile and can be used as an organic fertilizer. Unfortunately, tomatoes with poultry manure gave a higher yield with a value of 28 Mg ha -1 than cow dung's application only with a 3.5 Mg ha -1 (Usman 2015). Irshad et al. (2013) reported that cow manure has a pH of 8.5 in fresh form and pH 7.4 in compost; moreover, in a compost of pH 7.86 (Huang et al. 2017) and pH 7.75 (Novia et al. 2019).
Furthermore, Huang et al. (2017) analyzed that cattle manure contained N-NH 4 + and N-NO 3 with the value of 0.02 and 0.7 g.kg -1 . From this point of view, cow manure can be used as a nutrient source for plant growth. However, cow manure or cow dung's quality depends on the fed (Kiyasudeen et al. 2015). Soil with cow manure had a high pH in summer, but the pH decreased under tea plantations (Zhang et al. 2020).

Rice Growth and Yield
The cow manure treatment had a significant effect on plant height, number of maximum tillers, number of productive tillers, and grain yields per ha, but had a non-significance effect on the weight of 1000 grains and grain weight per clump. In contrast, the NPK recommendation and specific location fertilization had no significant effect on all observed component growth and rice yield. The combination of the two factors also showed an insignificant effect on all observed variables (Table 3).
Only cow manure treatment significantly affected N, P, K uptake of rice crops at the primordial stage. Meanwhile, the NPK treatment and interaction of both gave non-significant NPK uptake of the crop (Table 3). It means that cow manure

Plant height
Plant height is an essential trait for plants because it is related to plant lodging (Fageria et al. 2013). Only cow manure application has affected the plant height, and the others did not have any significant effect on the plant height of rice grown in tidal soil. The INPARA 8 rice variety (Indonesian Center for Rice Research 2016) showed that generally, the rice plant of INPARA 8 is around 107 cm. Based on the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (IRRI 1996), the height of rice plants is generally classified into three (3) groups, namely low (less than 100 cm), medium (101-130 cm), and high (more than 130 cm). INPARA 8 rice variety is included in the medium group, which is 107 cm plant height. The difference in plant height is influenced by plant varieties or the plant's genetic factors (De Datta 1981). The data shown in Table 4 shows that the plant height of the pot experiment obtained was below 107 cm. It meant that organic fertilizer and cow manure in tidal soil did not increase the plant height above 107 cm (Which ranged from 69.77 cm to 94.03 cm). The highest plant height was found on the application of cow dung at 10 Mg ha -1 combined with NPK specific location fertilizer, but it was not significant compared to NPK recommendation (Table  4). Aksani et al. (2018) obtained that the maximum rice height of INPARA 4 planted in tidal soil of A typology is around 89.50 cm.
The data presented in Table 4 showed that the height of the rice plant did not reach the description of the INPARA 8 variety. Plant height was influenced by internal and external factors such as genetic factors, temperature, water, humidity, soil, essential nutrient content, light intensity, and nitrogen content in the soil. Nitrogen is the essential nutrient for vegetative growth. The need for N is higher than other nutrients (Duan et al. 2007).

Maximum Tillers
A tiller is a stem produced by a rice crop and refers to all shoots that grow after the initial parent shoot grows from a seed, and maximum tillers are can supply NPK for rice growth on tidal soil because many scientists reported that it could be used as a bio-organic fertilizer which cheap and easy to collect, and it can support agriculture sustainability (Raj et al. 2014). Cow manure is very safe to be used as an organic fertilizer because it contained low heavy metals (such as Pb, Cd, Cu) compared to pig manure (Zhang et al. 2012). Cow manure also contained more C, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg than sheep manure, corn biomass, and rice husk ash with the value of 28.42, 1.06, 0.74, 1.25, 1.44, and 0.44%, respectively (Sudarsono et al. 2014). It means that cow manure was highly fertile for nutrient source for plant growth.
Iron is one of the essential nutrients for rice. As an essential element needed by plants, Iron has many vital roles in plant metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and the main constituent of cell protein (Connolly and Guerinot 2002). In plants, Fe functions as a constituent of chlorophyll, a cofactor enzyme, and plays a role in developing chloroplasts. Iron also plays a role in electron transfer in respiration (Suhartini 2004). Iron deficiency causes inhibition of chlorophyll formation, and the function of some enzymes is imperfect. However, Iron is toxic when it is accumulated in large amounts in plant tissue. Iron toxicity only occurs in soils that have been inundated for an extended period by reducing the redox potential of the soil, causing Fe 3+ in soil minerals to be reduced to Fe 2+ , which is more water-soluble, thus triggering iron overload and even the concentration reaches 1000 mg L -1 (Kirk 2004). Iron concentration in plant tissue is expected in the range of 100-200 ppm, and if the Fe content in the soil is at a concentration of more than 300 ppm, it can cause poisoning in rice plants (Tanaka 1972). However, Fe content in tidal soil is higher in dry conditions than wet conditions (Imanudin and Armanto 2012). the total of tillers grown during rice growth. Optimum tillering is very important to develop primary and secondary tillers, all bearing healthy panicles. This concept is recent, displacing wide tillering rice varieties (Pawar et al. 2016). The statistical analysis results showed that only cow manure had the significant effect on maximum tillers, and inorganic NPK fertilizer and interaction of both did not significantly differ. On the contrary, (Aksani et al. 2018) found that NPK fertilizer significantly affected the maximum tiller of INPARA 4. As shown in Table  5, the maximum tillers were found in the treatment of NPK recommendation combined with cow manure at 10 Mg ha -1 with 16 stems, but not significantly different from NPK specific location fertilizer with a value of 14 stem. It indicated that cow manure could supply nutrients used for rice growth. It is estimated, cow manure can supply N, P, and K, amounting to about 103.7, 85.5, and 75 kg ha -1 , respectively, based on the calculation nutrients of cow manure as shown in Table 2. These three essential elements are beneficial for plant growth. Nitrogen and P are nutrients that plants need in large quantities. Nitrogen is an essential element in the formation of chlorophyll. Lack of N and P can inhibit the formation of rice tillers (Gani and Sembiring 2007). The more N and P nutrients are given, the more tillers that are formed can occur. Nitrogen elements are an essential nutrient for plants, and the response of rice plants to N is usually higher than P and K nutrients. Based on the study results, the maximum number of tillers with higher doses of cow manure showed a positive response. Rice treated with high fertilizer doses of cow manure showed a higher maximum number of tillers. Aksani et al. (2018) reported that with higher doses of N, P, K fertilizers combined with straw compost of 10 Mg ha -1 , the number of tillers produced would increase.
According to Abdullah (2016), the maximum number of tillers was reached at the age of 50-70 days after planting, then the chicks that were formed after reaching the maximum limit would decrease and even stop due to weakened growth. Rice plants are in the flowering period, and panicles appear at the age above 70 days after planting.

Productive Tillers
A productive tiller is a stem produced by a rice crop beside the main stem yielding grain. The number of productive tillers is determined by the number of tillers that grow before the primordial stage. These tillers can potentially form panicles or not form panicles (Soemartono et al. 1984). This panicle formation is influenced by the spacing, according to Masdar et al. (2001), the farther the spacing, the more productive tillers per clump. In addition to the spacing, the N nutrient is also a factor in panicle formation, and nitrogen is a very influential Table 5. Effect of inorganic fertilizers and cow manure on maximum tillers. Note: The numbers followed by the same letter in the same row are not significantly different at the 5% LSD test level  (Triadiati et al. 2012). According to Winarso (2005), in addition to playing a role in plant vegetative growth, N also plays a role in forming the number of productive tillers. The higher the N content and N uptake, the number of productive tillers would also increase. The addition of organic matter derived from animal manure and adding soil organic matter also contributes to N, P, and K nutrients. Rusdiansyah and Saleh (2017) reported that a different effect of N fertilizer was observed on the number of tillers per hill, percentage of filled grain per panicle, and weight of 1000 grains. The highest productive tillers for this experiment were found when the rice was fertilized by NPK recommendation combined with 10 Mg ha -1 cow manure with a value of 13.33 steams but not significantly different compared to specific fertilizer combined with the exact dosage of cow manure.
Moreover, the lowest productive tillers were found at the lowest cow manure dose ( Table 6). The low number of productive tillers is thought to be due to the influence of Al and Fe, which can bind the elements N and P, which then creates a deficiency in nutrients which then causes disrupted growth. In addition, at the lowest dose, cow manure will also supply the lowest N, P, and K nutrients. For example, Aksani et al. (2018) reported that the highest productive tiller with a value of 40 stems was found when rice of INPARA 4 was fertilized NPK at the rate of 315 kg urea ha -1 + 135 kg SP-36 ha -1 + 90 kg KCl ha -1 combined with 10 Mg ha -1 of rice straw compost.

1000-Grain Weight
Thousand-grain weight obtained varied from 17.12 to 19.90 g, and the highest 1000-grain weight (19.9 g) was obtained at NPK recommendation combined with at 10 Mg ha -1 cow manure, but it is not different with NPK specific location fertilization at the same rate of cow manure (Table 7). Kumar et al. (2013) obtained 27.7 g of 1000-grain weight planted in the lowland. The lowest 1000-grainweight of this experiment was obtained at the application of NPK recommendation combined with 8 Mg ha -1 cow manure with a value of 15.55 g. This 1000-grain weight obtained from this experiment is still below compared to the description of INPARA 8 variety which is 27.2 g; this is probably due to the infertile tidal soil resulting in low tiller. According to Fageria et al. (2013), the 1000-grain weight had a linear correlation with grain yield. Abbasi and Sepaskhah (2011) reported that the 1000-grain weight of rice could control the yield, and the number of grains per panicle > number of panicles per unit area > unfilled grain percentages can also control the yield of rice.
Grain weight is also influenced by N and P nutrients, affecting the size of lemma and palea. The weight of more than 1000 grains is determined by the shape of the grain (Matshusima and Muratha Table 7. Effect of inorganic fertilizers and cow manure on the weight of 1000 grain (g). Note: The numbers followed by the same letter in different columns are not significantly different at the 5% LSD test level.  . Grains that are oval and large will have a more significant weight than grain that is round form. The 1000 grains weight is also influenced by the condition after flowering, for example, the availability of nutrients, good weather, and the number of leaves.

Grain Weight per Clump
Grain weight per clump varied from 9.43 to 15.97 g. The highest grain weight per clump was obtained, around 15.97 g, which was found at NPK recommendation combined with 10 Mg ha -1 cow manure. However, it was not significant compared to location-specific fertilization combined with the highest rate of cow manure. On the other hand, inorganic fertilizer combined with the lowest cow fertilizer was found the lowest grain weight per clump with a value of 9.43 g ( Table 8). The 62% of grain yield is influenced by genotypes (Fageria et al. 2013). Furthermore, the rice grain yield was controlled mainly by 1000-grain weight, number of grains per panicle, number of panicles per unit area, and unfilled grain percentages (Abbasi and Sepaskhah 2011).

Grain yield per hectare
The rice yield per ha varied from 1.50 to 2.55 Mg ha -1 , and the highest yield was found at the application of NPK recommendation combined with the cow manure at dosage 10 Mg ha -1 with a value of 2.553 Mg ha -1 . This study showed that some of each treatment did not achieve potential yield production with a value of 6 Mg ha -1 ; it is due to the low fertility of the tidal soil. It is also assumed that the non-fulfillment of the number of nutrients N, P, K needed by plants is a factor in not reaching the potential yields in the INPARA 8 rice plant as described, and plant productivity will be hampered and conversely, with sufficient plant nutrient needs, plant growth and productivity will be better. Mawardi et al. (2020) already reported that the productivity of rice planted in tidal soil is low, which was less than 2.5 Mg ha -1 .
The low nutrients availability in this study is might be due to high levels of Fe and Al in the soil, which interfere with the growth of rice plants. Aluminum and Fe elements that dissolve a lot in acid soil will easily bind P, so the addition of P fertilizer is less beneficial for plants, and the efficiency of P fertilization is low. Based on Audebert and Sahrawat's (2000) results, Fe poisoning in severely affected rice plants results in poor growth, and the tillers do not grow so that the yields were meager and can even result in crop failure. Iron poisoning in lowland rice can reduce yields by 12-100% (Noor 2012).

Nutrient Uptake at the primordial stage Nitrogen Uptake
Nitrogen uptake of vegetative growth at the primordial stage varied from 0.0379 to 0.3035 g plant -1 . The highest N uptake was obtained when NPK fertilized rice in situ treatment combined with the highest rate of cow manure with an N uptake value of 0.3310 g plant -1 , but this N uptake was not significant compared to NPK recommendation. Table 9. Effect of inorganic fertilizers and cow manure on grain production per hectare (Mg). Note: The numbers followed by the same letter in the same row are not significantly different at the 5% LSD test level Table 10. Effect of inorganic fertilizers and cow manure on nitrogen uptake (g plant -1 ).
Note: The numbers followed by the same letter in the same row are not significantly different at the 5% LSD test level

Treatment
Cow manure 2 Mg ha -1 6 Mg ha -1 8 Mg ha -1 10 Mg ha -1 ----grain production per hectare (ton) ----NPK Recommended Meanwhile, the lowest N uptake was obtained at the lowest rate of cow manure (Table 10). Thus, it seems that increasing the application of cow manure can increase N uptake both at the application of NPK recommendation or NPK specific location. The increasing N uptake at the highest cow manure compare to the lowest rate is 87.47% at recommendation fertilization and 84.47% at specific location fertilizer. Malav and Ramani (2016) reported that the N content was significantly influenced by various N and Si application levels and their interaction. Before the experiment, the tidal soil had a total N of 0.28 g kg -1 . After the research, the total N value of the soil increased in the combination of 10 Mg ha -1 of cow manure treatment. The increase in total N is in line with the N uptake at the primordial stage. The addition of organic cow manure is an effort to increase the availability of N that the plant can absorb. According to Supriyo and Sutanto (1999), organic matter can increase the total N soil.

Phosphorus Uptake
Phosphorus uptake of rice at the primordial stage varied from 0.0051 to 0.0494 g plant -1 (Table  11). It is shown that the uptake of P is lower than N uptake (Table 10). It indicated that nitrogen is more needed for rice growth than P. It is also seen that the increased rate of cow manure tends to increase rice production at the primordial stage.
Soil P-Bray at the beginning of the research was 28 mg kg -1 . At a primordial stage, P uptake ranged from 0.0051 -0.0494 g plant -1 after application of NPK recommendation and in situ NPK. According to Basyuni (2009), P is usually relatively small in soil, with a level less than N level, because the P source is less than the N source. The low content of available-P since P is quickly bonded with Al and Fe elements in acidic soils, resulting in P deficiency, high P fixation by Al, Mn, and Fe. In general, P deficiency is due to the strong bonding of these elements such as type 1: 1 clay minerals and Al and Fe oxides and the reaction between P and Al, so that P elements are not available for plants. It has been reported that the application of organic matter, such as animal manure, can decrease P sorption and increase P availability in highly weathered soils (Azeez and Averbeke 2011;Guppy et al. 2005) Potassium Uptake Potassium (K) uptake of rice at the primordial stage varied from 0.0683 to 0.621 g plant -1 . The highest K uptake was obtained when rice was fertilized by NPK recommendation combined with the highest rate of cow manure with a value of 0.621 g plant -1 , but not significant compared to a specific location (Table 12). It shows that increasing cow manure rate increased K uptake of rice.
According to Bhagat et al. (2019), Potassium (K) plays a vital role in improving plant health by mitigating the severity of disease, drought, and salinity stresses and improving plants' yield. Thus, K is needed for plant growth. A significant increase Table 11. Effect of inorganic fertilizers and cow manure on phosphorus uptake (g plant -1 ).
Note: The numbers followed by the same letter in the same row are not significantly different at the 5% LSD test level Table 12. Effect of inorganic fertilizers and cow manure on potassium uptake (g plant -1 ).
Note: The numbers followed by the same letter in the same row are not significantly different at the 5% LSD test level

CONCLUSIONS
Cow manure application significantly affected vegetative growth and grain production per ha, but there is a non-significance effect on 1000 grains and grain weight per clump. In contrast, the NPK recommendation and NPK in situ fertilization had no significant effect on all observed vegetative growth and rice yield. The combination of the two factors also showed an insignificant effect on plant growth and yield. The treatment provided by recommended NPK inorganic fertilizer at 200 kg ha -1 Urea, 100 kg ha -1 SP-36, 100 kg ha -1 KCl combined with a 10 Mg ha -1 of cow dung yielded 2.55 Mg ha -1 grain.