Seasonal Variation of Yields and Nutrient Uptakes of IR-64 Grown in Terraced Paddy Field System

Sukristi yonubowo; Gijs Du Laing

doi:10.5400/jts.2011.v16i3.201-210

Seasonal Variation of Yields and Nutrient Uptakes of IR-64 Grown in Terraced Paddy Field System

Sukristi yonubowo, Gijs Du Laing

Abstract

In the past, most rice study was carried out in irrigated lowland rice and less or no attention was paid to the terraced paddy field system. Study on seasonal rice biomass production and nutrient uptake variation of IR-64 variety cultivated in terraced paddy field system was carried out in Keji Village, Ungaran Sub district during the wet season 2003-04 and dry season 2004. The aim of the study was to evaluate the seasonal variation of rice biomass productions, nutrient concentrations and nutrient uptakes of IR-64. Data were taken from four treatments, namely conventional farmer practice, conventional farmer practices + rice straw, improved technology and improved technology + rice straw. For the conventional farmer practice, only 50 kg of urea ha-1 season-1 was applied. Meanwhile, about 100 kg each of urea, triple super phosphate, and potassium cloride ha-1 season-1 were applied in the improved technology treatments. About 33% of rice straw produced from the previous season was recycled in the treatments of conventional farmer practices + rice straw and improved technology + rice straw. Each treatment was replicated three times and arranged in a Randomised Completely Block Design. Plants were sampled five times, at 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after transplanting. The results indicated that overall production of the improved technology + rice straw treatment was significantly higher than the other treatments both in the wet season 2003-04 and the dry season 2004. Rice grains and rice residues in the dry season were higher than in the wet season, except for the rice straw. However, statistically, there were no significant variations of rice biomass production between the wet season 2003-04 and the dry season 2004. When the rice straw addition was considered, only rice grain production of the dry season was consistently greater than the rice grain production of the wet season. Concentrations of N, P, and K in shoots and roots significantly decreased during rice growth. In contrast to the concentrations, the nutrient uptake increased by the time of rice growth. The highest nutrient concentrations both in the wet and dry season were observed at 45 days after. Contrary to the nutrient concentrations, the highest N, P, and K uptakes were taken place at harvest. Seasonally, nutrient uptakes at harvest in the dry season were higher than in the wet season, but statistical evidences were not consistent. As only rice residues were left in the field, the nutrient amounts taken up by rice straw and rice grains reflect the nutrients removal from the field through harvest. The total nutrients removal ranged between 114 and 119 kg N, 10 and 12 kg P, 133 and 148 kg K ha-1 season-1.

Keywords

Nitrogen; phosphorous; potassium; seasonal nutrient uptake; terraced paddy field

Full Text:

PDF

References

Alice J, RP Sujeetha and MS Venugopal. 2003. Effect of organic farming on management of rice brown plant hopper. IRRN 28 (2): 36-37.

Anonymous. 1977. General practices for rice, cash crops and vegetables. BIMAS, Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia. 280 p.

Aulakh MS, TS Khera, JW Doran and KF Bronson. 2001. Managing crop residue with green, urea, and tillage in a rice-wheat rotation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65: 820-827.

Bridgit AT and NN Potty. 2002. Influence of root characteristics on rice productivity in iron-rich lateritic soils of Kerala, India. IRRN 27 (1): 45-46.

Chandler RF. 1970. Overcoming physiological barriers to higher yields through plant breeding. In: International Potash Institute (eds.), Symposium role of fertilisation in the intensification of agricultural production. Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the International Potash Institute. Antibes. pp. 421-434.

Cho JY, KW Han, JK Choi, YJ Kim and KS Yoon. 2002. N and P losses from paddy field plot in Central Korea. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 48: 301-306.

Cho JY, KW Han and JK Choi. 2000. Balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in a paddy field of central Korea. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 46: 343-354.

Clark MS, WR Horwath, C Shennan and KM Scow. 1998. Changes in soil chemical properties resulting from organic and low-input farming practices. Agron J 90: 662-671.

Cooke. 1970. Soil fertility problems in cereal growing in temperate zones. In: International Potash Institute (eds.), Symposium role of fertilisation in the intensification of agricultural production. Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the International Potash Institute. Antibes. pp. 123-133.

Eneji AE, S Yamamoto and T Honna. 2001. Rice growth and uptake as affected by livestock manure in four Japanese soils. J Plant Nutr 123: 333-343.

Fageri NK and CV Balligar. 2001. Improving nutrient use efficiency of annual crops in Brazilian acid soils for sustainable crop production. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32 (7 and 8): 1301-1319.

Fenning JO, T Adjie, Gyapong, E Yeboah, EO Ampontuah and G Wuansah. 2005. Soil Fertility status and potential organic inputs for improving smallholder crop production in the interior savannah zone of Ghana. J Sustain Agric 25 (4): 69- 92.

Ghildyal, B. P. 1971. Soil and water management for increased water and fertiliser use efficiency for rice production. In: JS Kanwar, NP Datta, SS Bains, DR Bhumbla and TD Biswas (eds), Proceedings of international symposium on soil fertility evaluation 1, pp. 499-509.

Harrington LS, S Whangthongtham, P Witowat, R Meesawat and S Suriyo. 1991. Beyond on-farm trials: The role of policy in explaining non-adoption of fertiliser to maize in Thailand. In Paper read at 11th annual AFSRE symposium, 5-10 October 1991. Michigan State Iniversity, pp: 1-34

Hasegawa H, Y Furukawa and SD Kimura. 2005. On-farm assessment of organic amendments effects on nutrient status and nutrient use efficiency of organic rice fields in Northern Japan. Agric Ecosyst Environ 108: 350-362.

Hay RKM and RA Gilbert. 2001. Variation in the harvest index of tropical maize: Evaluation of recent evidence from Mexico to Malawi. Ann Appl Biol 138: 103-109.

Kaleeswari RK and S Subramanian. 2004. Impact of organic manure and inorganic phosphatic fertiliser on yield and nutrient uptake in a rice-rice cropping system. IRRN 29 (2): 57- 60.

Kemmler G. 1971. Response of high yielding paddy varieties to potassium: Experimental results from various rice growing countries. In: JS Kanwar, NP Datta, SS Bains, DR Bhumbla and TD Biswas (eds), Proceedings of international symposium on soil fertility evaluation 1: 391-406.

Mandal UK, G Singh, US Victor and KL Sharma. 2003. Green Manuring: its effect on soil properties and crop growth under rice-wheat cropping system. Europ J Agron 19: 225-237.

Mikkelsen DS, GR Jayaweera and DE Rolston. 1995. Nitrogen fertilisation practices of lowland rice culture. p: 171-223.

Min YK, CS Myung and KK Min. 2007. Linking hydro-meteorological factors to the assessment of nutrient loading to stream from large plotted paddy rice fields. Agric Water Manage 87: 223-228.

Mohammad SZ, M Mohamad, A Muhammad and AG Maqsood. 1992. Integrated used of organic manure and inorganic fertilisers for cultivation of lowland rice in Pakistan. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 38: 331-338.

Mosser SB, B Fell, S Jampatong and D Stamp. 2006. Effect of pre anthesis drought, nitrogen fertiliser rate and variety on grain yield, yield component and harvest index of tropical maize. Agric Water Manage 81: 41-58.

Naphade JD and BP Ghildyal. 1971. Influences of puddling and water regimes on soil characteristics, ion uptake and rice growth. In: JS Kanwar, NP Datta, SS Bains, DR Bhumbla and TD Biswas (eds), Proceedings of international symposium on soil fertility evaluation 1, pp. 510-517.

Ray SS and RP Gupta. 2001. Effect of green manuring and tillage practices on physical properties of puddled loam soil under rice-wheat cropping system. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 49 (4): 670- 678.

Sanchez PA and M Calderon. 1971. Timing of nitrogen application for rice grown under intermittent flooding in the coast of Peru. In: JS Kanwar, NP Datta, SS Bains, DR Bhumbla and TD Biswas (eds), Proceedings of international symposium on soil fertility evaluation 1, pp. 595-602.

Senapati HK, SS Sahoo, B Jena and D Sahoo. 2004. Impact of integrated plant nutrient management on upland rainfed rice cultivation. IRRN 29 (2): 56 -57.

Singh B, RK Niranjan and RK Pathak. 2001. Effect of organic matter resources and inorganic fertilisers on yield and nutrient uptake in the rice-wheat cropping system. IRRN 26 (2): 57-58.

Singh M, VP Singh and KS Reddy. 2001. Effect of integrated use of fertiliser nitrogen and farmyard manure on transformation of N, K and S and productivity of rice-wheat system on a Vertisol. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 49: 430-435.

Siswanto AB. 2006. Profile description of wetland rice in Babon Catchment. Field trip report. 3 p.

Soepartini M. 1995. Status kalium tanah sawah dan tanggap padi terhadap pemupukan KCl di Jawa Barat. Pemb Penel Tanah 13: 27-40.

Soil Research Institute. 2009. Penuntun analisa kimia tanah, tanaman, air dan pupuk (Procedure to measure soil chemical, plant, water and fertiliser). Soil Research Institute, Bogor. 234 p (in Indonesian)

Stoorvogel JJ, EMA Smaaling and BH Janssen. 1993. Calculating soil nutrient balances in Africa at different scales. I. Supra-national scale. Fert Res 35 (3): 227-236.

Sukristiyonubowo and E Tuherkih. 2009. Rice production in terraced paddy field systems. J Pen Pert Tanaman Pangan 28 (3): 139-147.

Sukristiyonubowo, F Agus, D Gabriels and M Verloo. 2004. Sediment and nutrient balances under traditional irrigation at terraced paddy field systems. Paper presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Land Use Change and Soil and Water processes in Tropical Mountain Environments held in Luang Prabang, Lao PDR on 14-17 December 2004. Organised by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Lao PDR and sponsored by National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)

Sukristiyonubowo, Watung, R.L., Vadari, T., and Agus, F. 2003. Nutrient loss and the on-site cost of soil erosion under different land use systems. In: AR Maglinao, C Valentin and FWT Penning de Vries (eds), From soil research to land and water management: Harmonising People and Nature. Proceedings of the IWMI-ADB Project Annual Meeting and 7th MSEC Assembly, pp. 151-164.

Uexkull HR von. 1970. Some notes on the timing of potash fertilisation of rice (nitrogen-potash balance in rice nutrition). In: The International Potash Institute (eds), Proceedings of the 9th congress of the International Potash Institute, pp. 413- 416.

Whitbread AM, GJ Blair and RDB Lefroy. 2000. Managing legume leys, residues and fertilisers to enhance the sustainability of wheat cropping system in Australia. 1. The effects on wheat yields and nutrient balance. Soil Till Res 54: 63-75.

Xu Y, F Zhang, X Ho, J Wang, R Wang and X Kong. 2006. Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the northern China plain and northeast China. Soil Till Res 86: 230-236.

Yang C, L Yang, Y Yang and O Zhu. 2004. Rice root growth and nutrient uptake as influenced by organic manure in continuously and alternately flooded paddy soils. Agric Water Manage 70: 67-81.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2011.v16i3.201-210