ENHANCING THE SANDY SOIL NITROGEN CONTENT OF THE SAMAS COASTAL AREA USING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION SLUDGE DERIVED FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Sandy coastal soils, characterized by poor fertility and low nitrogen (N) content, present significant challenges for sustainable agriculture. This study investigates the potential of anaerobic digestion (AD) sludge derived from palm oil mill effluent (POME) as an organic amendment to enhance soil N in Samas Beach’s degraded sandy soils. Using a completely randomized design (CRD), six digestate application rates (0–800 mL/kg soil) were tested over a 30-day incubation period. Results demonstrated a strong linear dose-response relationship (R² = 0.995), with the highest treatment (A5: 800 mL/kg) increasing soil N by 140% (0.005% to 0.012%) compared to the control. The Kjeldahl method confirmed efficient mineralization of organic N into plant-available NH₄⺠and NO₃â», supported by microbial activity from cow dung inoculum. Tukey’s HSD test revealed all treatments significantly improved N content (p < 0.05), with 400 mL/kg (A4) identified as the optimal rate—balancing efficacy (0.011% N) with economic and environmental practicality. This study highlights POME-derived sludge as a cost-effective, sustainable alternative to synthetic fertilizers for rehabilitating coastal soils, aligning with circular economy principles by valorizing agro-industrial waste.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
License for Authors
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
License for Regular Users
Other regular users who want to cite, distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon author’s works, even for commercial purposes, should acknowledge the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License.
How to Cite
References
Majerus, V., Bertin, P., & Lutts, S. (2007). Effects of iron toxicity on osmotic potential, osmolytes and polyamines concentration in the African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud). Plant Sci 173 (2), 96-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.04.003.
Chojnacka, K., & Moustakas, K. (2024). Anaerobic digestate management for carbon neutrality and fertilizer use: A review of current practices and future opportunities. Biomass and Bioenergy, 180, 106991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2023.106991
Dewi, R., & Agarta, V. (2024). 11 Largest Palm Oil Producing Countries in the World, Indonesia Ranked 1st. Tempo.Co. https://en.tempo.co/read/1860296/11-largest-palm-oil-producing-countries-in-the-world-indonesia-ranked-1st#:~:text=Indonesia produces 59 percent of,45.5 million tons per year.
Guan, X., Jiang, J., Jing, X., Feng, W., Luo, Z., Wang, Y., Xu, X., & Luo, Y. (2022). Optimizing duration of incubation experiments for understanding soil carbon decomposition. Geoderma, 428, 116225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116225
Khadaroo, S. N. B. A., Grassia, P., Gouwanda, D., & Poh, P. E. (2020). The influence of different solid-liquid ratios on the thermophilic anaerobic digestion performance of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Journal of Environmental Management, 257, 109996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109996
Leela, D., & Nur, S. M. (2019). Processing technology POME-pond in Indonesia: A mini review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 365(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/365/1/012009
Liew, Z. K., Chan, Y. J., Ho, Z. T., Yip, Y. H., Teng, M. C., Ameer Abbas bin, A. I. T., Chong, S., Show, P. L., & Chew, C. L. (2021). Biogas production enhancement by co-digestion of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with palm oil mill effluent (POME): Performance and kinetic evaluation. Renewable Energy, 179, 766–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.073
Lisan, A. R. K., Amalia, D., Dewanti, T. O., Pratama, A. P., Putra, R. A., Yudhanto, K. D., Azzahra, H. S., & Anggita, N. (2025). Enhancing the Sandy Soil Structure of the Samas Coastal Area Using Anaebic Digestion Sludge Derived from Palm Oil Mill Effluent. 12(1), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2025.012.1.10
Medina, L. C., Sartain, J. B., Obreza, T. A., Hall, W. L., & Thiex, N. J. (2014). Evaluation of a Soil Incubation Method to Characterize Nitrogen Release Patterns of Slow- and Controlled-Release Fertilizers. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 97(3), 643–660. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.13-065
Minhal, F., Ma’as, A., Hanudin, E., & Sudira, P. (2020). Improvement of the chemical properties and buffering capacity of coastal sandy soil as affected by clays and organic by-product application. Soil and Water Research, 15(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.17221/55/2019-SWR
Parvez, K., & Ahammed, M. M. (2024). Effect of composition on anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid wastes: A review. Bioresource Technology Reports, 25, 101777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101777
Petrovic, A. M., Cambareri, T. C., Barnes, L., & Cohen, S. (2022). Nitrogen rate, irrigation and rainfall impacts on groundwater nitrate levels in sandy coastal golf courses. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 14(1), 143–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/its2.125
Pratama, D. N. D., Khakhim, N., Wicaksono, A., Musthofa, A., & Lazuardi, W. (2021). Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Abrasion Susceptibility Effect on Land Cover in the Coastal Area of Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 109–126. https://doi.org/10.52939/ijg.v17i4.1961
Putra, H. E., Wresta, A., Permana, D., Djaenudin, Dara, F., Indriati, L., Muchlis, Sintawardani, N., Fitria, N., Hamidah, U., & Purwanta, W. (2024). Hydrothermal treatment of empty fruit bunches for enhanced solid fuel production using palm oil mill effluent as a liquid stream. Bioresource Technology Reports, 25, 101761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2024.101761
Ramón Vanegas, A. A., Vásquez, J., Molina, F., & Peñuela Vásquez, M. (2024). Evaluation of anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) using different sludges as inoculum. Water Resources and Industry, 31, 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2024.100247
Rey, C. S., Oyege, I., Shetty, K. G., Jayachandran, K., & Balaji Bhaskar, M. S. (2024). Evaluation of Vermicompost, Seaweed, and Algal Fertilizers on Soil Fertility and Plant Production of Sunn Hemp. Soil Systems, 8(4), 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8040132
Samuel, A., & Dines, L. (Eds.). (2023). Soil health and management. In Lockhart and Wiseman’ s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland (pp. 49–79). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85702-4.00023-6
Sani, K., Kongjan, P., Pakhathirathien, C., Cheirsilp, B., O-Thong, S., Raketh, M., Kana, R., & Jariyaboon, R. (2021). Effectiveness of using two-stage anaerobic digestion to recover bio-energy from high strength palm oil mill effluents with simultaneous treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 39, 101661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101661
United State Department of Agriculture. (2023). Indonesia Palm Oil: Historical Revisions Using Satellite-Derived Methodology. United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service Report, 19(June 2019), 1–9. https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2012/08/Mexico_corn/
Visscher, A. M., Vanek, S., Huaraca, J., Mendoza, J., Ccanto, R., Meza, K., Olivera, E., Scurrah, M., Wellstein, C., Bonari, G., Zerbe, S., & Fonte, S. J. (2024). Traditional soil fertility management ameliorates climate change impacts on traditional Andean crops within smallholder farming systems. Science of The Total Environment, 912, 168725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168725
Wadchasit, P., Suksong, W., O-Thong, S., & Nuithitikul, K. (2021). Development of a novel reactor for simultaneous production of biogas from oil-palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm oil mill effluents (POME). Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(3), 105209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105209
Wu, T. Y., Mohammad, A. W., Jahim, J. M., & Anuar, N. (2009). A holistic approach to managing palm oil mill effluent (POME): Biotechnological advances in the sustainable reuse of POME. Biotechnology Advances, 27(1), 40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.08.005
Yost, J. L., & Hartemink, A. E. (2019). Soil organic carbon in sandy soils: A review (pp. 217–310). https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.07.004